A Victory for the Tenth Amendment in the Supreme Court

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by Rob Natelson

Two years ago, I posted an item on the Tenth Amendment Center website entitled, “It’s the People’s Right.” My point was that federalism was not created primarily for the benefit of the states or state officials, but for the protection of individual liberty.

I didn’t invent this argument—many others have recognized that it is the better reading of the ratification-era record. Among those was Chief Justice John Marshall, himself a leading ratifier.

But my post elicited some grumbling among advocates of the traditional “states’ rights” view of federalism. Generally these are folks who believe (based mostly on post-ratification evidence) that the Constitution was not a grant from the people but a mere “compact” among the states.

Now, however, the U.S. Supreme Court has unanimously and resoundingly adopted the “people’s right” view in one of the best Tenth Amendment decisions to come along in years.

In Bond v. United States, the Court held that a person prosecuted under a federal criminal statute may defend himself by showing that the statute exceeds the federal government’s enumerated powers, and therefore violates the Tenth Amendment.

There is no need for a state to intervene to defend its own interests under the Tenth Amendment. A threatened individual can do it alone.

As the opinion points out, federal political power derives from the people, not from the states. At the Founding, the people, acting through state conventions, divided political power among different sets of agents—state officials for most purposes, federal officials for enumerated purposes.  State officials certainly benefit from the boundaries on federal power, and accordingly have standing to challenge federal actions outside those boundaries (as most states are doing in response to Obamacare). But the primary beneficiaries of federalism are the people.

The court also applied several other doctrines that are accurate from a strictly originalist point of view:

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(1) A treaty can enable Congress to adopt some legislation that would be outside its scope in the absence of a treaty.  This is because authority to make treaties, and to pass necessary and proper laws in execution thereof, are themselves enumerated powers.  (I don’t particularly like this result, but it appears to be what the Founders had in mind–see The Original Constitution: What It Actually Said and Meant).

(2) The Treaty Power is given to the President-and-Senate, not to Congress, but Congress can implement treaties under the Necessary and Proper Clause.  As the court said “The ultimate issue of the statute’s validity turns in part on whether the law can be deemed ‘necessary and proper for carrying into Execution’ the President’s Article II, §2 Treaty Power. ” In other words, if the federal criminal statute is valid, it must be so under the Necessary and Proper Clause as applied to the Treaty Power.

(3) The court avoided mentioning any possible reliance on the sadly-overused Commerce Power, and thereby appears to have indirectly reinforced United States v. Lopez, the 1995 decision that finally put some boundaries on congressional use of the Commerce Power to enact criminal laws.

In private life, Rob Natelson is a long-time conservative/free market activist, but professionally he is a constitutional scholar whose meticulous studies of the Constitution’s original meaning have been published or cited by many top law journals. (See http://constitution.i2i.org/about/.) Most recently, he co-authored The Origins of the Necessary and Proper Clause (Cambridge University Press) and The Original Constitution (Tenth Amendment Center). After a quarter of a century as Professor of Law at the University of Montana, he recently retired to work full time at Colorado’s Independence Institute. Visit his blog there at http://constitution.i2i.org/

About Rob Natelson

In private life, Rob Natelson is a long-time conservative/free market activist, but professionally he is a constitutional scholar whose meticulous studies of the Constitution's original meaning have been published or cited by many top law journals. (See: www.constitution.i2i.org/about/.) Most recently, he co-authored The Origins of the Necessary and Proper Clause (Cambridge University Press) and The Original Constitution (Tenth Amendment Center). After a quarter of a century as Professor of Law at the University of Montana, he recently retired to work full time at Colorado's Independence Institute.

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5 comments
Len
Len

Mr. Natelson, I've read your book " The Original Constitution" and a number of your articles at your site, and have found your writings to be informative and helpful..that being said, there are some problems with your position of the US constitution being an act of the people granting the federal government power. I am only going to address one problem though:

Yes, no legitimate government at any level exists without the people granting that government power, but what you are essentially claiming is that all the people in the states acted in accord, rather than in their separate polities to ratify the US constitution. You, yourself should know that even the preamble was originally meant to be stated "We the people of the State of Georgia, Maryland, etc., but even further the US constitution itself says in Article 7 that it is between the states, so what the people ratified was an arrangement that kept the states separate and acting as the agents for the people, this makes it a compact.

THE
THE

There are some American Politicians who are accusing others of being isolationist or that it will lower the confidence of NATO to stop an Illegal War that is Undeclared, Unconstitutional, and Unnecessary, rather than promoting a cease fire, followed by negotiations. It is wise and proper to isolate yourself from things that are not legal, or if they are counterproductive, or even if they are bad. If NATO exhausts itself on an Unnecessary War, then they will not be prepared for the future. It will not matter how much Confidence a Person has, if he does not have the Resources, then he cannot achieve his objective. It would be better to have no confidence and to have the Resources, because there are more chances of success under that scenario. The American Military is coming Home to a Bankrupt America, and the concerns of those People; whether they are in the Military, or just Civilians who sell their Goods and Services to the American Military, will be with keeping their jobs in a depressed Jobs Market. They will Only keep their jobs, by Totally Following the Decrees of the Emperor of America, and that means that America will become a Military Dictatorship. I know that People will say that past American Presidents have not followed the Law, and there were no problems for the American People. That was because the Military was Overseas, and the American People were Armed, and America was Prosperous and had Full Employment. I am taking about the future where the American Military is all at Home, and if they will follow the orders of one Emperor, or the Congress, because we know that Abraham Lincoln wanted to wage a Civil war in America. It is up to the American People to petition Congress to recognize no claimed power of any present and future President to wage war other than by the Constitution and the War Powers Resolution. If America did not spend all that Money Overseas on Overseas Military Bases, because the Military is back Home, then that money would be a good Stimulus Package year after year for the American Economy. That money could be spent on Alternative Energy, and on recycling Resources, and these will create much Employment. To many People, it seems like the American Establishment is deliberately creating Unemployment and Dictatorship, even by having genetically modified crops, where small farmers are prevented from working and lowering to the price of food. The American Citizens as a 100% might want to consider voting for Candidates who want 100% Public Funding for Elections, in order to Discourage Corruption of Public Officials. We, the people of Democracyland, whose national borders are defined by the United Nations Charter and International Law, are committed to the Highest Level of Democracy known to Mankind. Democracyland, will be a True Democracy; it will have 100% Public Funding for Elections and Referendums; it will have no military alliances; it will be 100% against racism; it will have no genetically modified crops; it will plant many trees; and it will have 100% recycling.

Philosopherking
Philosopherking

The tenth amendment pretty much does everything that every other amendment is suppose to protect such as the things in the first amendment. There is no power to eliminate speech, press, religion, petition, and so forth. That means that that power is reserved to the states or to the people unless prohbitied by the constitution itself. That sets the constitution as the supreme law of the land--not federal law itself.

Jeff Matthews
Jeff Matthews

Andrew Nappi just recently alerted me to Bond. I read it as well. It was not a particularly remarkable ruling. Individuals have been allowed to challenge federal excesses since the beginning. Violations of First, Fourth and Fifth Amendments have always been grounds, as have so many others, such as the Fourteenth, and so on.

There is nothing unique about being consistent and holding that a violation of the Constitution remains a violation, even if it is found by looking at Article 1, Section 8 with aid by the Tenth. That's why the Court was unanimous. It had no choice. It boggles me that the 9th Circuit held otherwise, so clearly there are some out there who get it completely wrong.

As to the "necessary and proper" analysis under the treaty clause, the standard to be applied, with which you agree, is unfortunately an amorphous one. Some people assert that a power cannot be necessary and proper if it seems to gobble up another provision. This is very tenuous. May a treaty be entered where the feds assent to ratchet up the war on drugs? How about banning abortion on a global scale?

These are troubling questions since the purpose of treaties has expanded to include implementing domestic policies in an effort to globalize them - much like the interstate commerce clause has been used on a national level.

Zeke
Zeke

I don't know, maybe Jeff is an attorney... " not a particularly remarkable ruling. Individuals have been allowed to challenge federal excesses since the beginning...." An attorney in Oregon told me the exact same thing. I agree with the statement, "always allowed to challenge"... but I and many others have been trying to do just that and have been denied repeatedly. Denied because of the total misunderstanding that Jeff says "boggles" him, how the 9th circuit (not sure why he said the 9th, when it was in Pennsylvania) completely got it wrong. As explained in the case, a prior case in 1937 put in on sentence that the circuit court relied upon to deny Bond. The supreme court explained the problem and set the 74 year old "misunderstanding" straight. That is only one thing that makes this case MAJORLY REMARKABLE.

Any case that comes out of the courts giving or showing how the individual has unobstructed ability to challenge the Legislative authority of congress when affecting that individual, is REMARKABLE.

Oh, and when the attorney in Oregon told her client, "I don't see it as any landmark decision, but it means you can raise the issue," he said, "great, let's do it." She then said she could but tried to say she was a defense attorney and she didn't write motions. That is what they uses to tell us, however from the ruling in this case, it appears that one can raise the issue as a defense (challenge) in a federal criminal case!

I guess sometimes people can't recognize gold when they have it in their hands.

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