The National Bank That Breached the Articles of Confederation
Despite having no express authority to do so, Congress created a national bank under the Articles of Confederation by invoking an invented doctrine of “inherent sovereign authority.” The episode reveals that even under a framework built on explicit and limited...
Fear: The Engine of Power
“Fear is the foundation of most governments.” John Adams was right – except for one word. Not “most.” From ancient empires to modern regimes, the story never changes. Government power always expands fastest through fear. Fear is the tool, the trigger, the...
General Welfare Clause: The Truth They Never Teach
“It would be ABSURD to say … Congress may do what they please.” That was James Madison, obliterating the modern lie that the general Welfare Clause is a blank check for almost unlimited power. But that’s exactly how it’s treated and used today. The general Welfare...